Polar ecosystems and the life of organisms in the extreme polar environment are of interest to a rapidly increasing number of scientists working in different fields of biological and environmental research. Polar Biology should not only be the focal point for scientists working in polar regions but should also attract the interest of those working in biology in general ecology and physiology in general ecology and physiology as well as in oceanography and climatology related to polar life. Polar Biology presents results of all kinds of studies in plants animals and micro-organisms of marine limnic and terrestrial habitats of arctic and antarctic regions. Life history Ecology of organisms and communities Morphology and taxonomy Distribution abundance and biogeography Dynamics of populations Physiology of growth metabolism and reproduction Behaviour and sensory physiology Ecosystem studies